Learning Strategies and Learning Styles †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Learning Strategies and Learning Styles. Answer: Presentation Administrative and proficient improvement of an individual is a significant factor in the life of an individual. In the current world, Changes assumes an indispensable job in prepping the character of an element as it provides new guidance to an individual. Proficient abilities are fundamental in making a profile of an individual. This task report is accentuates on two significant perspectives, for example, constant expert turn of events and learning styles received by an individual in their day by day life. Current examination centers different learning styles, for example, Kolb learning style and Honey and Mumford learning style. Johari window is chosen as significant model for the ceaseless expert advancement of a person. Focal point of the current venture lies on upgrading the current aptitudes of a person in inspiring the current states of the business condition. Proficient abilities of an individual are assessed based on present just as future aptitudes of an individual. Job of administrator gets increments with the progression of time by upgrading their present aptitudes and characteristics. This examination structured particularly for meeting proficient just as close to home aptitudes of an element to profit the advantage emerges out of things to come of an element. Individual and expert advancement of an individual is fundamental to develop more in their profession. An individual increase more information to fortify their present aptitudes which is significant for forming a people whole character. Various shades of a character of an individual are ordered into both individual and expert classifications. Proficient advancement of an individual expresses that different learning styles embraced by an element in rethinking their present abilities or characteristics (Martin and Thomson, 2017). Proficient abilities are required in an individual as this opens up their future vocation way by drawing in wide number of chances. Proficient aptitudes may incorporate communicational abilities, decorum, conduct, responsibility level of an individual. Changes are vital piece of an individual as they are required to be adaptable and dynamic enough to change their conventional work rehearses by tolerating outside market changes at the work environment. Working in an adaptable situation builds thinking power about a person to learn different new things to grow their present profile. It is one of the parts of expert advancement in which the character and aptitudes of an individual are prepped. It is a procedure which tracks all the aptitudes and properties which help a director to increase both formal just as casual abilities at the work environment. Preparing is given to the applicants who selected a firm to cause them to comprehend about the work culture of the business undertaking. Learning mentality of an individual is significant as this urge an element to learn new things and work in an unpredictable business condition (Greany and Maxwell, 2017). Advancement plan is act like an activity plan that directs an individual to improve the future aptitudes and the ability reasonable for the distinctive workplaces. T shows that constant improvement of a people character by correcting their abilities and traits for the different working circumstances. An administrator need to act diversely in a few circumstances emerges at the work environment by creating various me thodologies to improve the whole business execution (Kempen and Steyn, 2017). Preparing is a piece of the advancement wherein preparing offer to the contender to improve their aptitudes and extend their possible abilities to profit the advantage from all the difficulties takes puts later on. A director working in a XYZ organization offers different types of assistance to all the clients of the business. It assumes a job of front office administrator, whose lion's share of time went through in cooperating with the customers to speak to the entire organization. Current issues looked by a chief to convey their administrations to its different customers. Absence of correspondences aptitudes ruins the picture of an element before its clients as this lessens the whole consumer loyalty level. Another issues looked by an individual in managing different purchasers at the work environment is absence of preparing needs (Breen and et.al., 2016). A director needs to refresh their aptitudes to coordinate with the outer market changes takes puts in their outside business condition. Poor assignments of work duties among its subordinates make misbalance in the every day schedule work of an element. Misbalance in the obligation assignment makes clashes among the predominant and subordina tes which, thus, builds the remaining burden of the administrator. Assessment of Personal aptitudes I have to concentrate on the entirety of my present abilities and expected aptitudes and ascribes to pull in the consideration of the vast majority of the purchasers towards the administrations conveyed by me. Techniques are required to be created by me in the wake of assessing my qualities and shortcomings which is fundamental to invite the future open doors throughout my life. Depending on my best aptitudes, I can land position advancement by making a compatibility before my chief (DiPaola and Hoy, 2013). My aptitudes will grandstand my actual character before the outside gathering. Being a self spurred, I have to assemble relations with all my colleagues to help the weight of work as friend at the working environment is fundamental to finish the unpredictable work without hardly lifting a finger. Conversing with companions at working environment builds my relational abilities and diminishes my delay to talk openly with my chief. Meeting and gatherings masterminded at the working e nvironment improves my driving abilities to lead the entire gathering and end up with end. I have to create objectives to improve my profession with alternate points of view to profit the advantage related with all the objectives confined by me. I can get ready various objectives, for example, individual objectives, improvement objectives and the authoritative objectives. These sorts of objectives a the goals arranged by me to support my soul in getting to different open doors lies in the outside business condition (Johnson and Golombek, 2016). Singular points and targets depend on accentuating on the abilities that requires improvement, for example, relational abilities. Relational abilities are significant in both in close to home life just as in the expert life. It is essential to connect with my supervisor in haggling with the addition in the pay, requesting adaptable planning in the working hours. On the off chance that I need to switch my activity, at that point, my interfacing aptitudes will guarantee nee boss about my abilities and properties by denoting a decent i mpact on them. Different methodologies, I can use for the expert advancement of my character utilizing distinctive preparing techniques (Weerakkody and et.al., 2016). Preparing techniques improves my professional ability in redesign my current just as future encounters at the working environment. Most significant factor require for myself advancement, is up degree of a few aptitudes to acquire advantage by tolerating bunches of chances takes places at the work environment. Various strategies that I can use in improving my aptitude and qualities include contextual analysis strategy, instructive declarations, proficient directing. These techniques are viewed as the best reasonable as getting instructive authentication will refine my present aptitudes as this include extra an incentive in my Resume and my expert foundation. Manager spent consumption in expanding the current abilities of their workers to spare the expense of enlisting new representatives from outside the association (Qa blan and et.al., 2015). Filling opening of the new post inside the firm by offering chance to the representatives as of now working in a business element expands the inspiration of the considerable number of clients. This training received by an element makes steadfastness among its representatives which, thusly, results into more significant level of collaboration among the work force. I have seen in different organizations that trust of a business on its workers by offering various open doors will results into better yield produced by a representative to endeavor hard for their organization in making a decent situation of a firm in the outer market. I have actualized an alternate learning style that is disclosed in detail to comprehend its advantages and disadvantages. These sorts of style of educating would be useful for me in using my ability for the improvement of my boss (Tewari, 2016). One of the learning styles assessed by me is Kolb Learning style, whose attention lies on offering preparing to a person in offering both reasonable just as hypothetical exercises to all the up-and-comers appropriate for different working environment circumstances. This learning style can contrast and compass which has four unique bearings alongside sub orders that controls a person as per its conduct. First hover of this learning style includes Concrete experience that is feeling of an individual, Reflective signifies watching, Abstract methods thinking and finally Experimentation portrays doing. Internal hover of this style has another four sections, for example, Accommodating that incorporate inclination and doing, Diverging methods feeling and watching, Assimilating alludes to Thinking and watching and merging connotes thinking and viewing (Schmeck, ed., 2013). There is a two way that covers four in the outer spread, for example, Perception continuum that implies how an individual consider things and another propose that Processing continuum which alludes to how an individual get things done. Favorable circumstances This learning style is appropriate for huge number of individuals It is useful for the individuals with homogenous interests Restrictions It is extensive system which takes additional season of an individual It's anything but a financially savvy alternative as this taking in styles contrast starting with one circumstance then onto the next. Nectar and Mumford learning style It has various stages used to offer exercises to a person to prepare them as indicated by the current working society of a substance. Different periods of this learning style incorporate Reflector, Activist, Theorist and Pragmat

1973 Chilean coup d'tat Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1973 Chilean upset d'tat - Research Paper Example The sonnets of this craftsman were passing on the message of the problems of being profound situated in a severe, unforgiving and abusive political foundation. At the point when he was discharged from authority, Zurita encouraged the foundation of gathering of radical craftsmen that was against the abusive demonstrations of Pinochet. In his compositions, Zurita revealed the common conditions that were there before the overthrow, during the upset and what trailed the overthrow. The overthrow was done three years after Salvador Allende was chosen leader of Chile (Zurita 25). Salvador was the individual responsible for the Chilean Socialist gathering, and he turned into the primary president to be chosen for office through a free and reasonable, strategic political decision. Salvador’s government experience grave monetary tribulations with extremely high paces of swelling and joblessness. He created procedures that would control these issues including value con trolls and nationalization of ventures and firms. He likewise reestablished the discretionary relations with the neighboring nations (Zurita 29). Everything was running easily, and all craftsmen including youthful Zurita had a great deal of opportunity to do all way of expressions, until Salvador delegated Augusto Pinochet as president of the Chilean armed force. With the assistance of the CIA, Pinochet plotted to oust the Salvador’s government through a military overthrow on September 1973 that left Allen de dead (Zurita 32). What followed Augusto’s triumph was what Zurita reacted to in his composition. The Chilean parliament was shut down, and the constitution was suspended. Further, Augusto suspended all the political activities, and the worker's organization understandings that existed just as carefully gagging the media. Augusto designated himself as the president, and he requested the executing of more than of Salvador supporters. Any individual who was associated with holding liberal gatherings was either suspended from their activity or imprisoned

5 Creative Strategies to Facilitate Student-driven Learning

5 Creative Strategies to Facilitate Student-driven Learning (0) Generation Z is finally entering our high school classrooms: 21st century learners who are digitally literate and determined to take charge of their learning.  Consequently, teachers need to adjust their strategies and give students more voice and ownership. When the classroom moves from teacher-centered to student-centered, more learning takes place and students tend to be more engaged in the lesson. The student-centered classroom allows for more differentiation and personalized learning. Making the transition into a student-centered classroom can be a challenge. Below are some strategies for getting started with creating a successful learning environment: 1. GENIUS HOURS Give students choice in their learning by allowing them to explore their own passions through a Genius Hour. With this strategy, students choose the topic they would like to research, and then decide on a final project through which they will showcase their work.  The teacher becomes the facilitator in this process, and deadlines are very lenient, or in some cases, non-existent. The students are given a certain number of days or weeks to research the topic and design a final project. When the students are truly interested in the topic, they are more motivated to learn. You can learn more about Genius Hour here. For younger students, read Don Wettrick’s post  about Genius Hours in elementary schools. 2. SOCRATIC SEMINARS Some teachers find it difficult to step aside and allow students to lead the discussion, but with Socratic Seminars, the entire discussion and learning process is student-centered. In my classroom, I provide students with a list of dates for Socratic Seminars. Students must prepare in advance by coming to class with at least five questions/insights that they would like to discuss  about the reading. In addition, they must provide evidence from the text to support all thoughts and opinions. On the day of the seminar, one student begins by posing a question and giving his or her thoughts. The rest of the students begin to respond through a round-table discussion. After the seminar, I have students reflect on the class discussion and their personal contributions to it. To view the reflection sheet, click here. There are two ways to do Socratic Seminars: The entire class can be a seminar and the students arrange their desks in a fishbowl setupâ€"two circles are set up in the room and the inner circle faces the outer circle. Those in the inner circle lead the discussion for the day by posing questions and directing the conversation, while those in the outer circle respond throughout the discussion. Halfway through the class period, the circles switch roles and the outer circle leads the conversation while the inner circle responds. Note: To ensure that all students are focused throughout the discussion, I grade the students on their level of contributions/insights and classroom etiquette during the Socratic Seminar. It is also helpful when students grade themselves throughout the discussion and maintain personal records of their contributions to each Socratic Seminar.   The other method is to have students work in small groups  of four or five and hold their own mini Socratic Seminars. For this, I allow the students to choose their own groups, as I believe it is important for students to be with the ones whom they would enjoy discussing the text. If you’re interested in implementing Socratic Seminars at the middle school level, check out Socratic Smackdown. 3. JIGSAW STRATEGY The jigsaw strategy is still one of my favorites for student-centered instruction. Students are originally placed into small groups of three or four, and then each student is assigned a topic to research. The group then separates, and each student joins the other students in class who are assigned the same topic. They work together to research the topic and to become “experts.” Once they have finished their research, students go back to their original groups and each shares what he/she has learned. Through this method, students teach each other, and as the research proves, students learn best when they teach their peers. 4. CLASS JIGSAW STRATEGY Similar to the regular jigsaw method, I often separate the class into small groups and assign each group a different reading. The students in each group work together to read and analyze a passage or article and then discuss it. At the end of class (or even the next day), all of the groups come together as one and share their readings and small group discussion with everyone else. The other groups then respond to the small group’s discussion and add their own insights, allowing for a large class conversation. 5. NO MORE CALLING ON STUDENTS Teachers are often used to being the ones to call on students for answers, but in the student-centered classroom, students should be allowed to run the discussion. To do this, it is important to do away with calling on students, and giving that right to them. In other words, the teacher may pose a question and then call on a student to respond, but once that student speaks, he or she calls on the next student (with a hand raised) to join the discussion. Suddenly, the students are calling on each other, allowing for the teacher to serve as the facilitator rather than the lecturer or leader. This is a such a simple strategy that really shapes the classroom setting. Student-driven learning requires learners to properly read, assess, evaluate, and communicate text. Imagine Easy Scholar supports students develop these skills through its cloud-based technology and Google Apps For Education integrations.

The Importance Of Literature - 1254 Words

Since the Mid 20th century literature has been a prominent aspect of life in American culture, beginning how to read it in childhood to benefiting by it throughout adulthood. Throughout the texts â€Å"Heels over Hemingway†, â€Å"Why Literature Matters† , and â€Å"Good-bad books† all argue the idea that literature has changed over the years, due to the fact that the world around us has changed as well which effects literature. For this reason Dowd, Orwell, and Gioia assert to their audience the importance of literature, and that it should have a place in society by utilizing rhetorical strategies such as analogies, ethos, pathos, logos, and diction. Both Dowd and Gioia argue why literature is important by citing the negative effects. One of†¦show more content†¦Dowd begins her op-editorial full of emotionally loaded diction to create a very critically- aggressive image; Dowd notes when looking for a book in the bookstore and quickly noticing the incre ased amount of chick-lit as it had â€Å"staged a coup of the literature shelves† and that a new re-feminized cover of a best seller â€Å"might as well be driving a stake through the heart of the classics.† The literary images she evokes of the recurring chick-lit novels read by women seen as literary hell due to the â€Å"non-challenging material†, implies to the audience the idea of women being judged by society due to book preference. Adding to this idea she utilizes words and phrase such as â€Å"possessed†, â€Å"devil† , â€Å"Will Shakespeare is being buffeted by rampaging 30- year- old heroines.† All these words elicit negative emotions of women, which emphasizes how women are judged as superficial and non-intellectual by society in the same way books are. In addition both Orwell and Gioia use pathos to convey the idea that reading any type of literature is beneficial to society. Orwell begins by slightly degrading the non-stop production of â€Å"good-bad books† in this generation to the sophisticated novels produced in the past. He implies that these â€Å"escapist† literature forms â€Å"pleasant patches in ones memory† by creating â€Å"quiet corners where the mind can browse at odd moments.† The image Orwell is able to evoke amongShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Literature In Literature937 Words   |  4 PagesGiving children access to all varieties of literature is extremely important for their success. Educators should help students develop a love and passion for learning. Reading and understanding it plays a big role in this, not only is reading important in developing cognitive skills, but it is valuable for other reasons as well. Although there are countless values in exposing children to literat ure it gives students appreciation about their own values as well as those of others it helps studentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 Pages A common question some people ask is if kids should still learn about previous literary works in school. Why do people think this? An example of literature being questioned and not taught in schools as frequently is Shakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understandingRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature769 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature has been a key part in the development of man and his societies. Literature is not only able to expand and communicate ideas; it also has an important secondary function of creating deeper thinking individuals. Literature is able to develop these thinkers by using a variety of literary devices. After being exposed to a wide variety of literature types, I have found that literature is used in many ways to furth er develop the thinking of not only an individual, but a society as well. ThisRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature1246 Words   |  5 Pagescentury literature has been a prominent aspect of life in American culture, beginning how to read it in our childhood to benefiting by it throughout adulthood. Throughout the texts of â€Å"Heels over Hemingway†, â€Å"Why Literature Matters† , and â€Å"Good-bad books† all similarly argue the idea that Literature has changed over the years, due to the fact that American has changed as well effecting literature. For this reason Dowd, Orwell, and Gioia assert to their audience the importance of literature, and thatRead MoreNotes On Importance Of Literature And Literature1109 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Oct.13 Importance of literature â€Å"The more we dominant the use of language and literature the more complete and useful we would be as a human race†-unknown. To talk about literature is to immerse ourselves in a world of fantasies, fiction, creativity and history. Literature is an artistic manifestation of men relating themselves to others and society. However, there are those who think that studying Literature is a duty without too much value, but I have to disagree. Literature is importantRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature1004 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s capacity to apply these skills in the world which they live in. Nowadays, nearly everywhere requires you to have some sort of literature background for you to be able to work or get a job. I believe that in order to have a successful life, you need to have some sort of literature background. Literature is a very significant and key part of our society. Literature is important to me because of the following reasons: to expand my knowledge an d understanding of the things in the world around meRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature1545 Words   |  7 PagesWhy do schools put such an emphasis on English and literature? Without English, there would be no communication. Communication indisputably stands as one of the most essential cornerstones of society. Without communication, nobody could work together to even get close to creating aircrafts or a balanced judicial system. However, English also brings on an art form: literature. The written and spoken word rolls and crashes like a monstrous wave with the ability to move people, swelling and pullingRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature1964 Words   |  8 PagesThe notion of literature is a rather amusing one. It is something that humans have created using shapes that people designate as letters, arranged into words, put onto the fibers of paper, and bound together. With such a vast amount of literature in existence, and the modern world existing in its disastrous state to day, it is questionable whether literature is truly one of the beneficial aspects of the human race. Certainly, the benefits of literature and the knowledge acquired from it have beenRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Modern Literature892 Words   |  4 PagesTwo genres of poetic literature that began in the twentieth century, Modern and Postmodern, made a dramatic impact on the world. With Modern literature being a heavy influence of postmodern authors, they sought to create their own style with substantial differences. Effectively evolving the generation of it’s time to compose in a style that has carved its niche in history, has been practiced and celebrated for the past seventy years and centuries to come. Postmodern literature was formulated as aRead MoreThe Importance Of Ancient Literature700 Words   |  3 PagesEssentially when we think about studying literature, especially literature that is centuries old, thoughts such as â€Å"why is this important or how does this relate to me?† arise. Although someone is not going to relate to every piece of writing they read, literature still has plenty to offer. For example, take the course textbook; The Norton Anthology of World Literature. All the excerpts in the book are thousands of years old, so yes, it is possible that one could read the entire text and not relate

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Succeeding at a Job Interview Free Essays

BERNETTA J HUNTER Comp II 8 March 2013 Succeeding at a Job Interview If you plan on being employed at a company you like, you will need to succeed at the job interview. First you must do some research on the company. Next you must avoid, if at all possible, the personnel office. We will write a custom essay sample on Succeeding at a Job Interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then upon being interviewed, observe all interview rules and be prepared to prove your claims. A well prepared individual walking into an interview is more likely to land the job. When you perform research on a company you have an interview with, it signals interest to the employer. For example, one might be able to state the sales quota from the previous month. Then you are prepared to state how you can be an asset to the company. If you pursue your job hunt in a detailed, professional manner, the employer could possibly view you performing the job in the same manner. Setting up a career research interview could get your foot in the door and possibly the job. The personnel office is like a road block. Try to avoid it because its job is to screen out the interviewee. You want to go in and ask if you can be interviewed by the person who has the power to interview. Make no mistake: the personnel office still has the power to say no and tell you to expect a phone call to be interviewed at a later date. If you cannot get past the personnel office for a twenty minute face-to-face interview with the interviewer, keep your research ongoing. Now let’s say you got the job interview, you must observe the interview rules. First you must be converse where you get fifty percent of the interview as well as the interviewer. Next you must not let your answers be shorter than twenty seconds, or longer than two minutes. Then you must try to prove how you can be an asset to the company, and be able to prove it. The first impression with the interviewer should be professionally set in stone. Succeeding at an interview is what will land you the job. Taking the time to perform a detailed research shows your desirable interest. Asking to be interviewed by the person in charge can help you cross that barrier of being screened out by the personnel office. Then once you are actually being interviewed, make sure you know the interview rules and follow them. Being prepared at an interview and doing what most people fail to do will put you up higher on the hiring list. How to cite Succeeding at a Job Interview, Papers

As we approach the 21st century and as the idea of Essay Example For Students

As we approach the 21st century and as the idea of Essay a global village is fast becoming a reality, it is vital that we enlarge our worldview and reach an understanding of, and appreciation for, the cultures of the other peoples who share the planet with us. As cultural beings, we are raised with an certain way of giving order to the world around us. Very soon, these cultural filters, which allow us to make sense of reality and shape it, become fixed, invisible and unconscious; they are part of our worldview which as unique as we might think it is rests on the shared values of a particular linguistic community. This network of basic assumptions which affects everything in our life (love, family, friendship, child rearing, work, sense of community and of our place within it, view of nature, sense of self, etc.) is never put into question until it is brought to our awareness by the clash with another system, different from our own. Language, which is the bearer of culture par excellence, opens the door to the world of the other and gives us the means to apprehend other ways of viewing our common world and our common humanity. Why study Spanish? Beyond the argument just made for the truly cosmopolitan view, there are, for the US citizen, compelling internal and external reasons. First, one has to consider the rise of the Hispanic community within our midst. The US Census Bureau shows that the Latinos residing in the United States total about 27 million people and make up almost 10% of the population. Projections indicate that, by the year 2050, almost half of the US population could be Spanish speaking. This fact has strong implications for employment, not only in the Southern belt ( from Florida to California ) but also in all major cities of the nation. In the job market, the bilingual employee will increasingly have the edge over other candidates, especially in the service sector. But employment is only part of the picture. The Hispanic community with its pride in its old traditions native and European its own cultural diversity, its strong family values, its artistic genius and its rich literature, w ill make its own unique and distinct contributions to the living cultural tapestry of this nation today and tomorrow. Learning Spanish is essentially learning to relate to our next door neighbor and, more than ever, this makes sense. On the external front, the world is witnessing the formation of new international alliances amd mega trade-zones that are progressively taking shape. After the European Common Market and the Pacific Rim Nations Alliance, the recently signed North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) between The US, Canada and Mxico, opens the door to incredible opportunities cultural and otherwise with our immediate neighbors to the South, and beyond to the whole South American continent. Once more, but on a broader scale, the possibilities for enrichment and cross-pollination at the level of things ( trade, industry, art ), people ( associations, business, travel, cultural activities), ideas ( new concepts in international relations, governance, organization ), and values (respect, tolerance, mutualism ) are unsurpassed. Learning a language can liberate the individual from the solipsistic confines of the monolingual view with its attendant parochialism. It can expand horizons, stimulate the mind, feed curiosity, provide opportunities for employment, travel and entertainment, enhance co-operation among neighbors and build tolerance among peoples. At this particular juncture in the history of this nation, Spanish is the smart choice for the smart citizen. BibliographyIt describes the importance of spanish in tha US

Unemployment in the US Essay Example For Students

Unemployment in the US Essay I chose these indicators because all are something that ordinary people deal with every day. All of us have control over our own spending and how far into debt we go. If we are not making the salary we want then we are free to look for a new job or an additional job. There is also the possibility of going back to school to raise your educational level in order to get a better job. This may, of course, put us deeper into debt. We are in debt as a country, and as individuals, but with the economy as strong as it is people have no qualms about going deeper into debt. There are increases in delinquency rates on consumer loans, record numbers of bankruptcy filings, and an increasing share of income devoted to paying interest on debt. These are signs that some households are becoming overextended. In this paper I discuss bankruptcy, consumer credit, inherited wealth and the difference in the way some generations handle debt. Personal income, installment debt and unemployment are coincident or lagging economic indicators or both. By many measures the US economy is very healthy, but increasing consumer debt and personal bankruptcies raise concerns about the future. We will write a custom essay on Unemployment in the US specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Credit card debt is higher than ever, and personal bankruptcies soared in 1995 and 1996 (Silverman 1997). Over 10% of Americans are expected to declare bankruptcy during the 1990s unless the trend changes, and there is no longer public scorn for those who file bankruptcy (Darlin 1997). Consumer credit remains readily available despite rising bankruptcies. This trend is attributed to a credit-friendly social policy which requires credit to be extended without discrimination. Furthermore, easy credit is needed to allow consumers to buy goods. The lending business also remains lucrative. To manage risks, financial institutions resort to diversification and risk shifting. The cost of bankruptcy is also incorporated in the cost of credit (Lykins and Plankenhorn 1996). The post baby-boom group known as Generation X is accumulating a great deal of debt, mostly through credit cards. The average credit card balance of households headed by someone under 25 nearly doubled from 1990 to 1995. There seems to be little desire among these people to live within their means (Shenk 1997). However, young people who can establish good credit will reap numerous benefits. A good credit record can provide young consumers with access to financing, thus enabling them to make purchases that they otherwise would not be able to make. In addition, good credit can enhance young people=s chances of getting good jobs. Borrowers who pay on time and in full may be able to convince potential employers that they are responsible and can manage their own finances (Shafer 1997). However, missed payments on bank credit card debt reached a new high of 2.13% of outstanding credit card debt in the 4th quarter of 1997. The American Bankers Association reported a decline in the percentage of accounts more than 30 days overdue during the quarter, although there was a rise in the percentage of loaned dollars delinquent. Consumer debt represents about 20.6% of disposable income (Kingson-Bloom 1998). The debt-service ratio can be used as an accurate predictor of future consumer spending growth or a source for explaining aggregate consumer spending. Furthermore, the ratio of debt service to income, if analyzed together with other economic indicators, will reveal future income growth. This ratio analysis is beneficial to financial service institutions as through this, they can determine debt payment capacities of clients (Murphy 1998). On the whole the Generation Xers have a gloom and doom attitude towards money, and maybe with good reason. .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .postImageUrl , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:visited , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:active { border:0!important; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:active , .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517 .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c097e11c92f9d13a0c721d752d27517:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Underlying Themes in the Works of James A Michener Essay Social security will probably be out of money by the time they reach retirement age and most feel that they will never be out of debt, so they live life as such. Money conflicts in relationships are reflective of society=s growing insecurity about its financial future. America is turning into a fatalistic culture. This negativity is based on economic conditions that contradict the once prevalent belief of never-ending prosperity. The United States= stalled economy, mind boggling national debt, and the prospect of the collapse of the Social Security system have left many Americans terrified about their ability to make ends .

À Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive

Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive The phrase condition que (provided that)  is one of a long list of what are called French conjunctive phrases, which usually introduce a subordinating clause in a sentence. A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that usually ends in  que  and is often a  subordinating conjunction  linking a subordinating clause to the main clause. Close to half of such conjunctive phrases used  as subordinating conjunctions, including condition  que,  require a subjunctive verb to convey their meaning: Je lachà ¨terai condition que tu le prennes.Ill buy it provided that you take it. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain, such as will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity and judgment. Subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent, or subordinate, clauses introduced by  que  or  qui. Conjunctive Phrases The phrases below with * take a subjunctive verb. Those with ** take the formal, more literary ne explà ©tif, which is a ne  negation without the pas. condition que*  Ã‚  provided that afin que*  Ã‚  so that ainsi que  Ã‚  just as, so as alors que  Ã‚  while, whereas mesure que  Ã‚  as (progressively) moins que**  Ã‚  unless aprà ¨s que  Ã‚  after, when supposer que*  Ã‚  assuming that au cas oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in case aussità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as avant que**  Ã‚  before bien que*  Ã‚  although dans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event that de crainte que**  Ã‚  for fear that de faà §on que*  Ã‚  in such a way that de manià ¨re que*  Ã‚  so that de mà ªme que  Ã‚  just as de peur que**  for fear that depuis que  Ã‚  since de sorte que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way that dà ¨s que  Ã‚  as soon as en admettant que*  Ã‚  assuming that en attendant que*  Ã‚  while, until encore que*  Ã‚  even though jusqu ce que*  Ã‚  until parce que  Ã‚  because pendant que  Ã‚  while pour que*  Ã‚  so that pourvu que*  Ã‚  provided that quand bien mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/if quoi que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter what sans que**  Ã‚  without sità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as supposà © que*  Ã‚  supposing tandis que  Ã‚  while, whereas tant que  Ã‚  Ã‚  as long as vu que  Ã‚  seeing as/that Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Expressions with

INNOVATING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INNOVATING - Essay Example Thinking about innovation in terms of technology is not enough but the innovation process includes the organization’s finance consideration, competitive positioning, marketing, training, relationship of organization with the supplier and customer and between processes and products.TYPES OF INNOVATION MODELS There are two types of innovation model; one is normative and the second is a descriptive model. Normative model of innovation is helpful in the construction of developed and designed organizations and deliver ideas, guidelines in order to increase capacity of originality. . The nature of this model is prescriptive which means it provides alternative solutions and suggestions to problems and questions. It analyzes the situation and helps to answer what procedures should be applied according to the standards. Descriptive model or constructivist model is Intuitive in nature; go over the main individualities and processes that have been observed regarding innovation and this model explains the association among observed characteristics. at el 2000 and von Hippel, 1988). Descriptive model does not evaluate the solutions and used to measure performances and changes. It is based on emotions, experiences, opinions and knowledge of individuals (Robbins, & Coulter, 1997). 2 Technological Determinism: This perspective discusses how human evaluations get influenced through Technological determinism. Innovations have been taken place in all aspects of human life, and technological innovation provided a boost to all industries. Veblen â€Å"tTechnology is an agent of social change and it in his view technology has the ability to mould the behaviors, society and interaction. Technology is an independent factor. The most admirable example of technology is the internet which has made the connections a lot easier than ever. Because of this innovation business can be

Cytogenetics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cytogenetics - Coursework Example Other Cytogenetic techniques include Fluorescent in-situ hybridization, Centromere or C-banding, replication banding, Sub-microscopic telomere analysis, distamycin staining and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (1). Abnormalities in chromosomes can also be identified by non-cytogenetic methods, like that of Microarray analysis and Molecular analysis of Telomeric sequences (1). Human numerical abnormalities are now measured by the advent of cytogenetics, which include Downs Syndrome, Turners syndrome and Klinefelters syndrome. The advance of molecular cytogenetics started in 1980s with the advent of Fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Later than FISH, technique of chromosome microdissection came in picture in which micromanipulation and examination of chromosome was carried out. This method lead to study in detail the aberration in chromosomal structure that could be isolated cloned and thereby studied in even finer detail. This method is also been put to medical use like in diagnosis of cancer and in hematological malignancies where it is used to determine the chromosomal translocations in the malignant cells, thus making the diagnosis easier and thereby the treatment becomes more specific. It is also used in the identification of the abnormality in myeloid leukemia (2). The future focuses on molecular cytogenetics include Comparative genomic hybridization microarrays; Single-Polynucleotide based Polymerization based karyotyping. Report for the clinician referred to: 1. Observation and background: Given sample of Mrs. Krerr has been analyzed and karyotyping was carried out based on the G-banding Karyotype. There were clear indications of translocation between in Chromosome 4 and 11 having t(4;11)(q21:p13) phenotype. Based on published literature and reports translocation in chromosome 4; 11 was found to be associated with high risk infant acute leukemia (3) which arises due to illegitimate re-combination between MLL and AF4 gene. Identification of this gene translocation in early stage of life cycle allows us to define the treatment regime in subsequent development of diseases (4). The mechanistic aspect of this translocation is largely unknown but researchers are able to map the genomic breakpoints and, in this particular case it was found to be hyper-sensitive to Dnase I and the cleavage site for Topoisomerase II. 2. Probable Gene involved and proteins: a) AF4p12, also known as FRYL gene homologous to Drosophila FRY gene could be involved in maintaining integrity of polarized cell during morphogenesis (6). b) MLL 11 Q23 transcriptional regulators. 3. Further investigations: Observed karyotype and interpretation needs to be validated based on little more cytogenetic analysis including Q- banding to obtain high resolution banding pattern to locate precise translocation. Similarly NOR (Silver) staining will help to identify translocation due to involvement of shorter arm translocation in given sample. But it is highly recommended to use Q-PCR methodology using fusion specific primer (i.e. primer which amplifies fusion region of MLL and AF4). The results of PCR amplification can

The Development Of Accounting In Malaysia Accounting Essay

The Development Of Accounting In Malaysia Accounting Essay A tendency towards adopting the style of accounting institutions and practices of western developed countries that colonized the developing countries has been dominated in the latter countries (Ali, Lee West, 2008). Apparently, the Malaysian accounting development is strongly influenced by the accounting framework that the United Kingdom (UK) applied. The British colonial presence can be considered as a key phrase that brought about the noteworthy influences and changes on the Malaysias history. Such influences and changes can be traced back to the 1785, the time that the approval of occupying island of Penang and building fort in there is granted to the Francis Light, a former British naval officer and private trader, from the sultan of Kedah. In 1786, Light established the settlement of George Town on the island of Penang. The contribution of turning Penang Island into a state with free-trade policy that Light made helps the Malacca to be the premier trader center in the Malay Peninsula. Presence of British colonial is continuously expanded by the official of British East India Company, Thomas Stanford Raffles, and Tengku Hussein, a contender for the throne of Malacca, on the Malay Peninsula in 1819. An agreement of consenting the British settles and establishes trading port in Singapore is reached between Stanford Raffles and H ussein in exchange for the formal recognition of Hussein as the sultan of Malacca. The advantageous geographic location and free-trade policy that Singapore possesses assist in attaining the astonished financial success. In 1945, British resumed its control for the purpose of establishing themselves as a durable administrative power. Because of the ethnic tensions often influence political arrangements, therefore, British proposed and implemented the Malayan Union plan in 1946. However, the problem of ethnic tensions still exists even though the British has taken action to promote the national unity among different ethnic groups. An Alliance partnership is established and which comprises United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) from 1952 to 1955. In fact, the Alliance won the municipal, local and the federal elections and thus emerged as an agent for unified Malayan interests. Malaya gained independence from Br itish in 1957 (Library of Congress, 2006). The independence of Malayan State since 1957 has transformed the Malayan economy into a new era of development. History of accounting system in Malaysia marks its opening of the use of accounting standards and practices after the pullout of Britain with subsequent accounting development significantly influenced by the after-effect of British colonization. The Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA) has became the first accounting bodies to be established in the Malayan State in 1958 with the aim of advancing accounting professions in all aspects and to educate the appropriate accounting practices and standards to businesses in Malaysia. Subsequent efforts have also been made in line with the British colonial effect as the government has passed the Companies Act 1965 and Accounting Act 1967 that are both based on the laws and regulations developed in the UK during the 1960s. Apart from this, compromise of the non-Malay rights could not be hindered by prejudicial legislation or governmental intervention is reached because of the British colonization. As a member of the Commonwealth, it is almost inevitable that Malaysia is highly influenced by any changes in the legal, economy, culture and politics environment of UK. This is especially true as the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) constantly reviews and updates the Malaysian accounting standards if the accounting standards in UK have made any amendments. The cultural-based theory of the Hofstede-Gray framework is applied for the aim of explaining the differences or deficiencies in accounting practices. In fact, the Hofstede-Gray theory is widely used by a number researcher as the accounting values and the cultural dimension is associated with the theory. Based on the surveys that the researchers conducted, it is noted that the Grays approach is probably the most well-known exponent of the cultural approach to understand the nature of accounting practices, while the Hofstedes approach is just one of a number of ways to study culture. The use of the Hofstede-Gray theory helps the researchers to understand the way the national accounting practices are formed (Parera, 1989) (Gerhardy, 1990) and to determine normatively whether the accounting techniques are appropriate to the particular countries (Baydoun Willet, 1995). According to Figure 1, it can be seen that the Hofstede-Gray theory is a combination of, Grays accounting values which include professionalism, uniformity, conservatism and secrecy with the Hofstedes cultural values which comprise power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Basically, there are two different perspectives to determine the culture and classification, to be precise, one from the Gray perspective and another from Hofstede. From the perspective of Gray, Malaysia is a country with high statutory control and uniformity in terms of authority and enforcement. While from the view of measurement and disclosure, Malaysia is a state with high secrecy and conservatism and which can be evidenced from Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. However, Malaysia scored high on the power distance and masculinity, yet scored low on the uncertainty avoidance and individualism on the Hofstedes standpoint. According to the survey conducted by Itim (2012), Malaysia scored 104 on the dimension of power distance. It can be explained that hierarchical order is acceptable for the Malaysian and hence inherent inequalities as well as centralization are possible to be reflected, but leadership and gaps of authority are challenging if there is hierarchy in the organization. Furthermore, with a score of 50, Malaysia can be considered as a masculine society, a highly success-oriented and driven. Generally, equity, competition and performance are the main concern in the masculine society. For instance, attitude of ferocious and no holds barred battles might happen between candidates during the election. Moreover, Malaysia is a low preference for uncertainty avoidance as it scored only 36. In such dimension, there is no any ambiguous or unknown situations exist due to the culture of relaxed attitude permeates. Besides, a mark of 26 is scored and it means that Malaysia is a collectivistic society. T herefore, a low degree of interdependence manifests that there is a close long-term commitment among members and the culture of loyalty is the uppermost concern and overrides most of the societal rules and regulations. Regulatory framework of accounting is established for the purpose of providing high quality and reliable information to satisfy the needs of external users. In fact, it plays a major role to ensure that the financial statements are prepared by the organizations in accordance with the rules and regulations (Collis Hussey, 2007). In Malaysia, existing companies are required to comply with the rules and regulations such as Companies Act 1965, Financial Reporting Act 1997, Accounting Standards, Income Tax Act 1967, the Securities Commission Guidelines 1995, Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) Listing Requirement and Bank Negara Malaysia Guidelines, etc during the process of preparing and presenting financial statements. Thus, it is obvious that regulatory framework is developed in the field of accounting profession, company law, auditing, taxation as well as stock exchange and implementation is taken in order to provide a true and fair view. It is known that there are four professional accounting bodies in Malaysia, namely, Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA), The Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA), Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) and Financial Reporting Foundation (FRF). Fundamentally, MIA is a statutory accounting profession which is established according to the Accountants Act 1967. The establishment of such accounting body is to regulate and develop the accountancy profession in Malaysia. Hence, MIA is responsible to meet and maintain the education, quality assurance as well as enforcement for the aim of ensuring that credibility of the profession is maintained and the public interest is continuously upheld. In addition, MIA also has the ability of monitoring the international and local accounting trends and developments as well as consulting regularly with the government and regulatory bodies. According to the MIA Official Website, it is noted that MIA not only plays a signi ficant role in the Malaysia, but also international and regional arena. Evidence of the involvement in ASEAN Federation of Accountants (AFA) and International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) to develop and advance the global accounting professional bodies can be proved. Furthermore, such involvement also enables MIA to work for the betterment by bringing home to the latest developments in the overseas. Indeed, there is a requirement provided under the provisions of the Act and stated that the person who is registered as a member of MIA only can be recognized as an accountant. Because of being as a member of International Auditing Practices Committee (IAPC), therefore, MIA is responsible to support the IFRCs work and also determine International Accounting Standards (IAS) as the basis of approved standards in the auditing field of Malaysia (MIA Official Website). On the other hand, MICPA is the accounting profession who is established in 1958 according to the Companies Ordinances and is formally called as The Malayan Association of Certified Public Accountants; while MASB is established as an independent authority according to the Financial Reporting Act 1997. The MASB and the FRF make up the new framework of financial reporting in Malaysia. Basically, FRF has no direct influence on standard setting as such duty is solely rest on MASB. Therefore, FRF is responsible for the oversight of, such as MASBs performance and initial source of view for proposed standards. Moreover, there is also a professional body for company secretary and administration, that is, Malaysian Association of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries Administrators (MAICSA). Besides, the Malaysian Association of Accounting Administrators is the profession who is formed to recognize the two-tiered of professional accountant and is sponsored by MIA. Companies Act 1965 (CA 1965) is published by the Commissioner of Law Revision yet the Company Commission of Malaysia enforces and administers it. Basically, it is the principle legislation developed to govern the formation and procedure of companies existing in Malaysia. The CA 1965 not only provides formal rules on accounting such as presenting financial statements in a true and fair view, but also enacts a provision to protect the rights and interests of shareholders and investors. For example, according to the section 167 of CA 1965, all of the Malaysian existing companies are required to keep and maintain proper accounting records so as to have the ability to explain companies transactions and financial position sufficiently and subsequently enables the true and fair view from all of the accounting information. Apart from this, the requirement of preparing accounts and reports based on the Approved Accounting Standards (AAP) that MASB issued as well as complying with the disclosu re requirements of the Ninth Schedule of CA 1965 are developed for every company for the purpose of delivering the companies affairs with a true and fair view. According to the CA Malaysia, there is a need for the appointment of approved auditors to audit the companies accounts and present true and fair view as well as stress on the auditors independence for companies that are operating in Malaysia and registered under the Companies Commissioner of Malaysia. A standard setting body with the ability of functionally independent is established by MIA and which is operating under the assistance of the latter accounting profession and is called the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB). AASB plays an important role in the development of accounting and auditing field in Malaysia. It can be evidenced from the need of promoting and ensuring high quality professional standards to be adhered and subsequently lead to the international convergence of standards. In addition, AASB also has the responsibility of the consideration for the new or revised International Auditing and Assurance Standards that International Auditing and Assurance Standar ds Board (IAASB) issued for Malaysia to adopt. Furthermore, AASB is required to review and deliberate any issues and developments that are derived from other jurisdictions that is relating to auditing practices in Malaysia. Moreover, the Audit Act 1957 also states that there is a close link between accounting and auditing, for instance, auditors are responsible to audit accounts that are prepared by professional bodies. It is generally known that types of tax in Malaysia include personal and corporate income tax, goods and service tax (GST) real property gains tax (RPGT), etc. In fact, Malaysia is a self-assessment tax regime (SAS) as it is shown in the Year of Assessment 2010 (YA 2010) that different classes of people is subject to different percentage of tax rate. Basically, the establishment of Income Tax Act 1967 (ITA 1967) is to determine the chargeable income and the tax payable and ascertain whether it is reasonable to the tax payers. The imputation system is used by companies to compute the tax. In fact, taxes paid by the companies on its profits are used to frank dividends paid to shareholders. In Malaysia, the RPGT is re-introduced and which is stated in the Real Property Gains Tax (Exemption) (No. 2) Order 2007, only for the disposal of real property held for five years or below is subjected to the RPGT of 5% and it is only applicable to the capital land transaction In terms of the GST, i t is the indirect tax or value added tax (VAT) that imposed on both local and imported goods and services. It is proposed by government for the purpose of replacing sales and service tax, but implementation has not been taken. It is noted that taxation is considered as parts of the business expenditure. Thus, it is important for the companies to comply with the ITA 1967 during the process of preparing and presenting the financial statements as well as the statement of computation of chargeable income. Companies are required to prepare both statements due to the double deduction, non-taxable, non-deductible and deductible issues. KLSE is the stock exchange holding company in Malaysia and is developed in accordance with the section 15 of the Capital Markets and Service Act 2007. In 2004, it is renamed and is currently called as Bursa Malaysia Berhad. The establishment of Bursa Malaysia Berhad is to allow the activity of trading of shares can be provided in the market and subsequently assists in enhancing competitive position as well as responding to global trends. There is no authority and legal power for the Bursa Malaysia Berhad to execute compliance. Hence, penalty of reprimanding, suspending and de-listing in the stock exchange would be imposed to the errant companies. For example, listing companies have to follow the rules and regulations of the clause 335 of the listing manual during the process of preparing and presenting companies annual audited accounts and making sure that all of the companies accounts are prepared based on the CA 1965 as well as the AAS. The listing requirements are set by the Bursa Malaysia Berhad in order to regulate the public limited companies (PLC) in terms of the submission of reports and additional disclosure. Apart from this, there is also another requirements which established by the Bursa Malaysia Berhad for the purpose of enhancing the disclosure of information on corporate governance via the promotion of greater transparency and accountability. In 19th November 2011, MASB established the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS) for the purpose of bringing the Malaysian accounting standards to be fully International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) compliant. Basically, MFRS framework make up of the existing as well as the new and revised accounting standards that are issued by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). The primary objective of such convergence is to reduce the gap between Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) between the IFRS and subsequently facilitate the transparency and the comparability of the companies financial statements. However, there is several inconsistency exist such as IAS 41 Agriculture and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and hence are not adopted by the MASN during the process of narrowing the gap between FRS and IFRS. In terms of the presentation of financial statements, MFRS 101 or FRS 101 stated that PLC that operating in Malaysia is required to prepare and disclose the financial statements including, statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity, statement of cash flows and the notes to account. In fact, the MFRS 101 or FRS 101 is the same with the IAS 1, which is the presentation of financial statements. Basically, MFRS 127 or FRS 127 is established for the purpose of enhancing the relevance, reliability and comparability of the information in the parents separate financial statements as well as the groups consolidated financial statements. In Malaysia, a requirement of using uniform accounting policies for reporting is set for the group to follow. Furthermore, there is a need for entity to follow the IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement if it is required to present separate financial statements or investments in subsidiaries by the local regulations. The MFRS 127 or FRS 127 is consistent with the IAS 27, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements. In 1974, Malaysias top 80 firms in the KLSE have half of it shares owned by foreigners while the other half is mostly controlled the Malaysian Chinese. However, government has gradually transformed these firms into stated owned enterprises which have almost 40% of the Malaysias market shares owned by the government. Major changes came in during the 1990s where most of these state owned companies have went into privatization. Till now, companies have been developed into several forms mainly the sole proprietor that business is solely owned by an individual, partnership where two or more persons jointly owned the business with unlimited liability, private limited company that must at least have 2 and maximum of 50 members, public limited company that is able to be listed in KLSE to offer subscription of shares to public. Foreign currency translation has been one of the uprising factors that companies in Malaysia are needed to take note of because of the increase and extensiveness of globalization in the business context. Foreign currency translation can be defined as the conversion of currency accounting figures from one country to another due to differences financial reporting requirements. This means that different countries would have different functional currency and multinational companies are required to translate its foreign operations or transactions that use functional currency into the required presentation currency for its financial statement. Malaysia needs to pay extra attention to the accounting development in relation to the aspect because Malaysia is one of the largest palm oil and crude oil producer which both are mainly transacted in USD around the world. Most of these companies would use USD as their functional currency which induces translation risk when it is converted into the p resentation currency. Thus, the accounting standard of foreign currency translation which is MFRS 121 will take into account the effect of the currency translation changes or risk that the companies faced with the use of appropriate recognition and measurement method developed by IFRS. It is a known fact that the accounting development in Malaysia over the last 15 years has been based on the accounting principles that MASB adopted while recent accounting practices has seen accounting profession exercising its responsibilities that are comply with MFRS. MFRS is nevertheless the latest accounting principles that Malaysia accounting is accounted for which equivalents with IFRS and apply in any accounting period from or after 1 January 2012. This marks the first time adoption of MFRS for annual periods in Malaysia and is an effort by MASB to implement Malaysias accounting policy to be in line with the convergence project initiated and developed by IASB and FASB. The previous FRS is then replaced by MFRS to place full convergence on Malaysia accounting standard in order to cope with globalisation and to ensure Malaysias business is on the same field at international level. Some major elements of MFRS have been listed below. MFRS 8 is adopted from IFRS 8 that has replaced IAS 14 of Segment Reporting. The main change made is on its requirement of segment identification and the measurement and disclosure of operating segment information. Any company in Malaysia that adopted MFRS 8 will automatically be considered as adopting the international accounting standard of IFRS 8. This particular standard has provide the definition of an operating segment that qualifies in the financial statement and its identification is required to be based on the company internal report that assessed and reviewed the allocation of resources and performance of that segment as according to the latest changes. Besides, the standard also provides the measurement purpose of the amount of operating segment recorded which is for resources allocation and performance measurement purposes of the operating segment. Lastly, the disclosure of operating segment information must be based on the core principles that requires information disclo sed to enable users to make informed decision on the nature and financial effect and its economic environment that the company is operating in order to aid Malaysian companies with operating segments operating in different locations or management. MFRS 118 Revenue is one of the major elements that MASB has included by the adoption of IAS 18 that the IASB has issued and amended but is still under the development of the convergence project. Companies in Malaysia are considered adopting the international accounting standard of IAS 18 if MRS 118 is applied in its financial statement. The MFRS 118 mainly adopted from IAS 18 has included important guidance on accounting practices for revenue by stating the objectives, scope and definition of revenue. These are described in relation to the definition of income in the Framework of Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements that stated revenue as an income that is in the ordinary course of business activities. The measurement and identification of revenue is also included while different type of revenue from sales of goods, rendering a service, royalties, interests and dividends are also provided with guidance and disclosure requirements where Malaysian companies mostly posse ssed of. The MFRS 120 Accounting for Government Grant and Disclosure of Government Assistance is developed to aid business in Malaysia that needs to account for its grant or assistance provided by Government. It is equivalent to IAS 20 with the issuance and amendments made by IASB and Malaysian companies that adopt MFRS 120 will simultaneously comply with IAS 20. Basically, this standard provides guidance on the definition of government grant and government assistance and its disclosure on the presentation of grants that is relating to asset or income as well as its repayment method. The approaches and reasons for accounting of government grant using income approach or capital approach are also given in order for users to clearly identify the government intention on providing grant or assistance to any Malaysian companies. However, this standard does not apply to government grants covered by MFRS 141 Agriculture and other exceptions such as the participation of government in the ownership of business. The MFRS 141 Agriculture apply on its own as evidenced in MFRS 120 that excludes this sector because agriculture is consider an essential sector for the Malaysia economy and accounting must placed its emphasis on it. MFRS 141 is adopted from IAS 41 and will be simultaneously applied to any Malaysia companies that adopt MFRS 141. This standard mainly prescribe how should the agriculture activities and biological assets should be accounted for, measured, presented, and disclosed by the management of the company. The measurement for biological assets is complicated and required specific guidance provided by the standards such as the initial recognition that requires the use of reliably measured fair value and any changes in fair value less costs to sell is included in profit and loss. Nevertheless, agricultural activities land is not covered under this standard but in IAS 16 while government grant for biological activities is included. MFRS 121 is adopted from IAS 21 has that has made changes to replace SIC-11, SIC-19 and SIC-30 that mainly focuses on the definition and changes of reporting currency, functional currency and presentation currency. The adoption of MFRS 121 by any Malaysian companies would also means it is adopting IAS 21 in accordance to international standards. This is an important standard especially for companies that operates internationally or have dealings in different currency. Mainly, the standard applies its accounting treatment on any transaction and balances of foreign currencies but not derivative transaction and the translation of foreign operation into reporting currency or consolidation purposes. The method of reporting and disclosing the changes of foreign exchange transaction, balances or operations is also included. The MFRS 123 is an equivalent standard to IAS 23 issued by the IASB while any Malaysian company that applies MFRS 123 is also considered as adopting the IAS 23. This standard has its scope limited mainly to borrowing costs that is relating to capital expenditure such as the acquisition, construction and production of an asset to expand business that is considered part of the cost to obtain the relevant assets. The standard has prescribed the definition of a qualifying assets and the eligibility of borrowing costs as capitalisation. The recognition and measurement for borrowing costs is also provided as well as the disclosure requirement relates to the borrowing costs amount and its capitalisation rate. This relevant standard that relates to investment property is of importance to the Malaysia accounting practices due to the booming of property house prices that induces substantial increase in property for investment. MFRS 140 is developed in accordance to IAS 40 and many changes have been made to IAS 40 such as lease related property, the measurement approach of investment property and its disclosure requirement. Nevertheless, MFRS 140 provides guidance on the treatment for accounting of investment property in Malaysia and its disclosure method excluding accounting for lease property. Definition to include property as investment nature has been provided while measurement method of fair value model or cost model for investment property is prescribed clearly with distinction between initial recognition and post recognition. The MFRS 112 is developed by the MASB based on IAS 12 with several revisions made on the recognition and disclosure of income taxes especially deferred tax assets and liabilities. Any Malaysian company that adopts MFRS 112 is equivalent to adopting IAS 12. The income tax in Malaysia is important especially in its treatment for tax consequences as tax evasion is considerably high while tax law is not stringently enforced. The standard provides guidance for accounting treatment of income taxes in Malaysia by prescribing the definition, recognition and measurement for current tax expenses, assets and liabilities with emphasis on future settlement of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Examples of income taxes accounting treatment has been provided in detail to assist users in understanding the complexity of income taxes while presentation and disclosure requirements are also included. MFRS 124 mainly relates to the disclosure requirement of party that is related to the ordinary course of business which is adopted from IAS 24 that is issued and revised by IASB. Revisions has been made in 2009 to simplify the definitions and meanings of related party and allowed certain exceptions of related parties for disclosure especially when it is government-related. Basically, the standard requires the disclosure of transaction between the company and any related parties or any transaction between parents and subsidiaries. Most importantly, this would enable user to pay attention on the financial effect of related party transaction on the companys financial position and profitability. The accounting development in Malaysia has never been lacking of frauds and embezzlements due to related party and this standard would provide enhanced transparency to prevent related party unauthorised transactions. The MFRS 119 is an adoption of IAS 19 that is issued by IASB and Companies in Malaysia that uses MFRS 119 would automatically be considered to adopt the international standard of IAS 19. The purpose of MFRS 119 is to provide guidance for entity to be able to recognise appropriately the liability and expenses in relation to employee benefits provided by the entity. The accounting treatment provided by this standard encompasses recognition and measurement of short term and long term employee benefits, termination benefits and post employment benefits that includes defined contribution plan and defined benefits plan. Example illustrating accounting treatment has been provided clearly and the difference of recognition and measurement for the post employment benefits is also clearly stated. Undeniably, it is important to the Malaysia economy as the culture of Malaysia is considers to be emphasizing on the employee benefits that the company is able to provide recently. It is undeniably that the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 not only introduces the importance of CG but also exposes the weaknesses of Malaysian CG practice to the public attention. Since then, Malaysia has taken initiative to implement schemes such as High Level Finance Committee on CG (HLFC) which have published the Report on Corporate Governance that provides definition of CG in the Malaysia context and laid the basis for the establishment of Code of Corporate Governance in 2000. Although the code itself is not mandatory, it further became a consequence of the listing requirement in Malaysia to include statement of corporate governance to attract more foreign investment due to globalisation and enhance the Malaysia economic growth. Basically, the code has enacted a series of principles and best practices of CG to improve the regulatory framework of the CG in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the reforms of corporate governance in Malaysia still exist to enhance shareholders value and protect the interests of all stakeholders especially the minorities by improving the corporate ethics and accountability. The Security Commission Malaysia has launched a five year CG Blueprint to provide a platform for CG in Malaysia to be enhanced through market and self discipline of company while promoting the standard of CG by instilling the essence of CG into the culture of company rather than a mere compliance requirement. AS a result, the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance 2012 is developed with further recommendation on duties and responsibilities of board of directors, the management of shareholder expectation

Tyco International Case Study Essay -- Corruption, Unethical Practices

Tyco Corporation Introduction During the course of this paper one will see addressed several issues of responsibilities that the Tyco Corporation must deal with. Some of these issues are ones that they have had to deal with quite recently. The responsibilities that one will see discussed are the legal, social and ethical issues that arise in a company that is nationally known. Legal Tyco provides products and services across the world. The company is global and diversified providing a variety of products including electronics, healthcare, fire and security services and engineered products and services. While employing over 250,000 people worldwide they grossed approximately $40 billion in revenue in the year 2005. In 2002 Tyco was involved with the corporate scandal where the management mis-appropriated corporation funds. The previous CEO Dennis Kozlowski was convicted in 2005 on 22 counts of the 23 that he was charged with. This is an example of not only a legal issue of responsibility but also one of an ethical issue that the Tyco Corporation has had to face. In the face of the legal and ethical issues that this mishap had placed the corporation in, Tyco placed Ed Breen in as chairman and CEO. Mr. Breen joined the company in 2002 after the scandal and immediately began the rebuild of the company’s name. With the appointment of Ed Breen and his changing of the company’s ethical standards (to be discussed in the next portion of the paper) he promotes the legal responsibilities of not only the company’s employees but the responsibilities of the suppliers and buyers to report any wrong doing. This reporting also speaks to the ethics of the Tyco corporation employees as well as those of the companies th... ...al or social responsibility that is owed to a community from a corporation. They have fired the CEO that was responsible for the downfall of the corporation, who is now serving a jail term for his wrong doings, and hired Ed Breen who is diligently working on changing the public’s view of the corporation. Mr. Breen understands that corporation’s worldwide need to make a commitment to do right by the community or suffer the consequences of failing the public and possibly losing business for failing them. Under his direction Tyco is continuing to make strides in regaining the publics trust and growing the company into a nationally recognized socially coconscious name. References http://www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=7166 http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/128.html http://www.tyco.com/TycoWeb/WWW/Documents/pdf/SuppSocRespBrochure_ENGLISH_07.pdf

Balance Scorecard

Balance Scorecard (BSC) is the focus of every company because of great belief that this is an approach for measuring performance with the combination of the so-called traditional measurement of financial aspect compared to the measurement of non-financial ones. BSC seeks the performance’s measurement of the business as a whole with the four (4) important perspectives listed as follows: a) Financial Perspective is one of the perspectives that the company needs to focus on because this is measuring the performance of financial part’s reflection.This has something to do with the return of investment or simply termed as ROI, the company’s cash flow including the number of debtors and economic value-added. b) Customer Perspective is the other measures to have the customers’ direct impact for the computation of the company’s market share or the percentage of market, the surveys made to customer that also includes the number of complaints. c) Internal Busi ness Processes Perspective is the measurement of reflection of the performance of business processes like the presentation of manufacturing efficiency cycle, the processing time information as well as the measures of productivity.d) Learning and Growth Perspective is the measures in order to describe the employees of the company in terms of the learning curve like the profile of staff education, the time of training and the survey made to the satisfaction of employees. The perspectives as stated above helped small and large companies to translate the strategy into action and even provide the metrical setting to track the progress of the of all companies. Balance Scorecard P 3 Analysis:As further analyzed, the measures are truly ‘customer centric’ because as proven the customer satisfaction was viewed due to increased in sales or the increase in income resulting from the acceptance of the product and the repeated customers’ generation. In addition, the product shi pment is related to the driving satisfaction of many customers that were met by the companies. The efforts of marketing are said to be measured by the data being tracked from the web portal which was then created for the partners’ distribution channel.The items that are tracked are the site usage, online ordering and the effects of direct mailing in the areas of marketing as well as advertisement on the leading generation and the activity in the portal level. The improved performance was truly due to the company’s viewing from the perspective of potential, prospective and present customers because Balance scorecard was exactly simplified to the four (4) key measures depicting the satisfaction among customers, hassle index of customers, the delivery that must be on-time and most importantly the lead times.Bridgeport Hospital is using the BSC for four (4) years and proven that the satisfaction of patients and customers increased. Many businesses considered to be small or large are continuously earning because the greater contributions are coming from customers whether old or new customers. A higher percentage is absolutely coming from the customers in order for many companies to grow and even learn to improve their products or services. BSC really contributes in achieving the success of most companies because at an early period, many companies may still improve the things that should be done in order to meet the needs of their customers.More issues from customers as well as their complaints may be resolved through the use of BSC. Balance Scorecard P 4 Conclusion: I think that the efforts of the companies to evaluate the business from the customers perspective was only one of the key contributions to improve performance, because this may give focus wherein the strategy described as competitive correspond to the success of most firms by means of targeting the attention of the segment specific to the market such as the niche in the market.This strateg y is very effective and done in order to survive wherein the companies may face the distress in financial areas. SGC and Futura are the companies using BSC, and they proved that the point of evaluating the business from the perspective of customer is a great help to the company as a whole and resulted to increase in sales and income. I should say that there should be equal reviews with regards to financial, internal business processes and the learning and growth perspectives aside from the customer perspectives that most companies should pay attention to.BSC is a tool in management providing the framework to translate the strategy into action and as mentioned this is a combination of the financial and non-financial measurement. This is seeking the measurement of performance of the business to financial, customer, internal business processes as well as learning and growth perspectives. In totality, this will provide a set of tracking metrics in order to track the progress of most com panies and against the objectives as well as the goals for meeting the initiatives strategically.The managers’ and employees’ motivation may also include their corresponding performance because these are the key enterprise’s challenges needed for more improvement of most companies. The said initiatives in strategic aspect may result to the departmental cascades and the objectives of individual corresponding to the strategy. Balance Scorecard P 5 References Ahn, H. (2001). `Applying the Balanced Scorecard Concept: An Experience Report,` Long Range Planning 34(4), 441-458. Atkinson, A. , and M. Epstein (2000). `Measure for Measure.` CMA Management 74 (September), 22-28. Denton, G. A. , and B. White (2000). `Implementing a Balanced-Scorecard Approach to Managing Hotel Operations,` Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly 41(1), 94. Field, T. (2000). `Full Measure,` CIO 13(14), 140-145. Fisher, M. J. (2002). `Balanced Storecard Step-By-Step,` The CPA Jour nal 72(7), 17-18. Frigo, M. L. , and K. K. Krumviede (2000). `The Balanced Scorecard,` Strategic Finance 81 (January), 54. Green, M. , J. Garrity, A. Gumbus, and B. Lyons (2002). `Pitney Bowes Calls For New Metrics:The Company Used a Balanced Scorecard to Manage Performance and Increase the Bottom Line,` Strategic finance 83(11), 30-36. Gumbus, A. , and B. Lyons (2002). `The Balanced Scorecard at Philips F. lectronics,` Strategic Balance Scorecard P 6 References Finance 84(5) (November), 45-49. Gumbus, A. , D. Bellhouse, and B. Lyons (2003). `A Three-Year Journey to Organizational and Financial Health Using the Balanced Scorecard: A Case Study at a Yale New Haven Health System Hospital,` Journal of Business and Economic Studies 9(2), 54-65.

Thylakoid Definition and Function

A thylakoid is a sheet-like membrane-bound structure that is the site of the light-dependent photosynthesis reactions in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. It is the site that contains the chlorophyll used to absorb light and use it for biochemical reactions. The word thylakoid is from the Green word thylakos, which means pouch or sac. With the -oid ending, thylakoid means pouch-like. Thylakoids may also be called lamellae, although this term may be used to refer to the portion of a thylakoid that connects  grana. Thylakoid Structure In chloroplasts, thylakoids are embedded in the stroma (an interior portion of a chloroplast). The stroma contains ribosomes, enzymes, and chloroplast DNA. The thylakoid consists of the thylakoid membrane and the enclosed region called the thylakoid lumen. A stack of thylakoids forms a group of coin-like structures called a granum. A chloroplast contains several of these structures, collectively known as grana. Higher plants have specially organized thylakoids in which each chloroplast has 10–100 grana that are connected to each other by stroma thylakoids. The stroma thylakoids may be thought of as tunnels that connect the grana. The grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids contain different proteins. Role of the Thylakoid in Photosynthesis Reactions performed in the thylakoid include water photolysis, the electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll) are embedded into the thylakoid membrane, making it the site of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. The stacked coil shape of the grana gives the chloroplast a high surface area to volume ratio, aiding the efficiency of photosynthesis. The thylakoid lumen is used for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. The light-dependent reactions in the membrane pump protons into the lumen, lowering its pH to 4. In contrast, the pH of the stroma is 8.   Water Photolysis The first step is water photolysis, which occurs on the lumen site of the thylakoid membrane. Energy from light is used to reduce or split water. This reaction produces electrons that are needed for the electron transport chains, protons that are pumped into the lumen to produce a proton gradient, and oxygen. Although oxygen is needed for cellular respiration, the gas produced by this reaction is returned to the atmosphere. Electron Transport Chain The electrons from photolysis go to the photosystems of the electron transport chains. The photosystems contain an antenna complex that uses chlorophyll and related pigments to collect light at various wavelengths. Photosystem I uses light to reduce NADP to produce NADPH and H. Photosystem II uses light to oxidize water to produce molecular oxygen (O2), electrons (e-), and protons (H). The electrons reduce NADP to NADPH in both systems. ATP Synthesis ATP is produced from both Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Thylakoids synthesize ATP using an  ATP synthase enzyme that is similar to mitochondrial ATPase. The enzyme is integrated into the thylakoid membrane. The CF1-portion of the synthase molecule extended into the stroma, where ATP supports the light-independent photosynthesis reactions. The lumen of the thylakoid contains proteins used for protein processing, photosynthesis, metabolism, redox reactions, and defense. The protein plastocyanin is an electron transport protein that transports electrons from the cytochrome proteins to Photosystem I. Cytochrome b6f complex is a portion of the electron transport chain that couples proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen with electron transfer. The cytochrome complex is located between Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Thylakoids in Algae and Cyanobacteria While thylakoids in plant cells form stacks of grana in plants, they may be unstacked in some types of algae. While algae and plants are eukaryotes, cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes. They do not contain chloroplasts. Instead, the entire cell acts as a sort of thylakoid. The cyanobacterium has an outer cell wall, cell membrane, and thylakoid membrane. Inside this membrane is the bacterial DNA, cytoplasm, and carboxysomes. The thylakoid membrane has functional electron transfer chains that support photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Cyanobacteria thylakoid membranes dont form grana and stroma. Instead, the membrane forms parallel sheets near the cytoplasmic membrane, with enough space between each sheet for phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting structures.